Quality ManagementIt costs a lot to produce a bad product.课件.ppt

Quality ManagementIt costs a lot to produce a bad product.课件.ppt

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When is a product good enough? Incremental Cost of Variability High Zero Lower Tolerance Target Spec Upper Tolerance Traditional View The “Goalpost” Mentality a.k.a Upper/Lower Design Limits (UDL, LDL) Upper/Lower Spec Limits (USL, LSL) Upper/Lower Tolerance Limits (UTL, LTL) But are all ‘good’ products equal? Incremental Cost of Variability High Zero Lower Spec Target Spec Upper Spec Taguchi’s View “Quality Loss Function” (QLF) LESS VARIABILITY implies BETTER PERFORMANCE ! Capability Index (Cpk) It shows how well the performance measure fits the design specification based on a given tolerance level A process is ks capable if Capability Index (Cpk) Cpk 1 means process is not capable at the ks level Cpk = 1 means process is capable at the ks level Another way of writing this is to calculate the capability index: Accuracy and Consistency We say that a process is accurate if its mean is close to the target T. We say that a process is consistent if its standard deviation is low. Example 1: Capability Index (Cpk) X = 10 and σ = 0.5 LTL = 9 UTL = 11 UTL LTL X Example 2: Capability Index (Cpk) X = 9.5 and σ = 0.5 LTL = 9 UTL = 11 UTL LTL X Example 3: Capability Index (Cpk) X = 10 and σ = 2 LTL = 9 UTL = 11 UTL LTL X Example Consider the capability of a process that puts pressurized grease in an aerosol can. The design specs call for an average of 60 pounds per square inch (psi) of pressure in each can with an upper tolerance limit of 65psi and a lower tolerance limit of 55psi. A sample is taken from production and it is found that the cans average 61psi with a standard deviation of 2psi. Is the process capable at the 3s level? What is the probability of producing a defect? Solution LTL = 55 UTL = 65 s = 2 No, the process is not capable at the 3s level. Solution P(defect) = P(X55) + P(X65) =P(X55) + 1 – P(X65) =P(Z(55-61)/2) + 1 – P(Z(65-61)/2) =P(Z-3) + 1 – P(Z2) =G

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