History of AI课件.ppt

History of AI Foundations from related fields 精品文档 Philosophy (400 B.C-) Socrates-Plato-Aristotle Socrates: “I want to know what is characteristic of piety which makes all actions pious...that I may have it to turn to, and to use as a standard whereby to judge your actions and those of other men” (algorithm) Aristotle: Try to formulate laws of rational part of the mind. Believed in another part, intuitive reason 精品文档 Philosophy: Dualism vs. materialism Rene Descartes (1596-1650): dualism (part of mind that is outside of nature) Materialism. Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) built a mechanical device to carry out mental operations; could not produce interesting results 精品文档 Philosophy: Source of knowledge Empiricism (Francis Bacon 1561-1626) John Locke (1632-1704): “Nothing is in the understanding which was not in the senses” David Hume (1711-1776): Principle of induction: General rules from repeated associations between their elements Bertrand Russell (1872-1970): Logical positivism: All knowledge can be characterized by logical theories connected, ultimately, to observed sentences that correspond to sensory inputs 精品文档 Logic George Boole (1815-1864): formal language for making logical inference Gottlob Frege (1848-1925): First-order logic (FOL) Computability David Hilbert (1862-1943): Problem #23: is there an algorithm for deciding the truth of any logical proposition involving the natural numbers? Kurt Godel (1906-1978): No: undecidability (yes for FOL) Alan Turing (1912-1954): which functions are computable? Church-Turing thesis: any computable function is computable via a Turing machine No machine can tell in general whether a given program will return an answer on a given input, or run forever Mathematics 精品文档 Mathematics… Intractability Polynomial vs. exponential (Cobham 1964; Edmonds 1965) Reduction (Dantzig 1960, Edmonds 1962) NP-completeness (Steven Cook 1971, Richard Karp 1972) Contrasts “Electronic Super-Brain” 精品文档 Mathematics… Probability Gerolamo Cardano