STR检测在产前检查中的实际应用.pptVIP

* * Preimplantation genetic diagnosis In medicine and (clinical) genetics preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) (also known as embryo screening) refers to procedures that are performed on embryos prior to implantation, sometimes even on oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD is considered another way to prenatal diagnosis. Its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration. PGD thus is an adjunct to assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation. The term preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) is used to denote procedures that do not look for a specific disease but use PGD techniques to identify embryos at risk. PGD is a poorly chosen phrase because, in medicine, to diagnose means to identify an illness or determine its cause. An oocyte or early-stage embryo has no symptoms of disease. They are not ill. Rather, they may have a genetic condition that could lead to disease. To screen means to test for anatomical, physiological, or genetic conditions in the absence of symptoms of disease. So both PGD and PGS should be referred to as types of embryo screening. Procedures performed on sex cells before fertilization may instead be referred to as fertilization, although the methods and aims partly overlap with PGD. Contents [hide] Technical aspects of preimplantation genetic diagnosis Genetic analysis techniques Establishing a diagnosis Preimplantation genetic haplotyping Embryo transfer and cryopreservation of surplus embryos Ethical issues Religious objections References in popular culture Information on clinic websites See also References External links [edit] History In 1967, Robert Edwards and David Gardner reported the successful sexing of rabbit blastocysts, setting the first steps towards PGD[1] . It was not until the 1980s that human IVF was full