测绘专业英语地形测量文章翻译.docVIP

Topographic Surveying 地形测量 Introduction 序言 Topographic surveys are made to determine configuration (relief) of the earths surface and to locate nature and cultural features on it .By means of various lines and conventional symbols,topographic maps are produced from survey data. A topographic map is a large-scale representation of a portion of the earths surface showing culture,relief,hydrography,and perhaps vegetation.Cultural（artificial）features are the products of people,such as roads,trails,buildings,bridges,canals,and boundary lines.Names and legends on maps identify the features. 地形图地形测量用来确定地球表面的形状，定位自然和人文地物。通过各种线条和规定的符号，就可以根据测量数据绘制地形图。地形图是大比例表示部分地球表面的人工建筑，救灾，水文，也许植被。人文建筑是人类的产物，例如道路，小径，建筑，桥梁，运河和边界线。地图上的名称和图例是识别的特征。 Topographic maps are made and used by engineers to determine the most desirable and economical locations of highways,railroads,canals,pipelines,transmission lines,reservoirs,and other facilities；by geologists to investigate mineral,oil,water,and other resources；by foresters to locate fire-control roads and towers；by architects in housing and landscape design；by agriculturists in soil conservation work；and by archeologists,geographers,and scientists in numerous fields. 地形图是工程技术人员用来确定公路，铁路，管，管道，线路，水库，和其他设施最可取的和经济的位置；地质学家用来研究矿物，油，水，和其他资源；林务员用来定位消防道路和塔；建筑师用来设计住房和景观；农学家用来水土保持工作；考古学家，地理学家，许多领域的科学家也都有运用。 A planimetric map depicts natural and natural features in plan only.A hypsometric map shows relief by conventions such as contours,hachures,shading,and tinting. 一幅平面图仅仅在平面中描绘了人文建筑及其特征。一幅地形图则显示了地形，例如等高线、晕线、阴影和着色。 Methods for Topographic Surveying地形测量方法 Topographic surveys are conducted by either aerial（photogrammetric）or ground （field）methods,and often a combination of both.Refined equipment and procedures available today have made photogrammetry accurate and economical；hence,almost all topographic mapping projects covering large areas now employ this method. 地形测绘是由空中（摄影测量)或地面方法完成的，而且经常是两者的结合。现今精良的设备和程序使得摄影测量很精确、经济，因此，现在几乎所有覆盖大面积地区的地形测图工程都使用这种方法。 Ground sur