纳米材料学英文教学.ppt

* 21st Century Electronics:Transistors at the nano/molecular scale Gate Drain Source ~100 nm Texas Instruments ~2000 ~10 nm ? ~2015 electron flow * Computing with Molecules Mark A. Reed and James M. Tour, Computing with Molecules, Scientific American: June 2000 * Chemistry nitroamine benzenethiol molecule NO2 NH2 * Molecular Electronics:the marriage of electronics with chemistry Mark Reed Group (Yale) electron flow * From molecular structure to electronic function NO2 NH2 NH2 only N02 Voltage Voltage Current Current J. Chen, et al., Yale * From Theory to Experiment VD I S2 S1 Contact m1 Contact m2 Ss Voltage (V) Current (nA) Dithiol S. Datta, et al., Purdue * Consider a molecule of phenyl dithiol sandwiched between two gold electrodes as shown in Fig.1. The molecular energy levels consist of a set of occupied levels separated by a gap from a set of unoccupied levels. At equilibrium, the Fermi energy is typically located in the gap between the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), but when a bias is applied, the Fermi energy in the right contact (m2) floats up by eV relative to the Fermi level in the left contact (m1). The molecule conducts when the bias is large enough that one or more of the molecular energy levels lie between m1 and m2. Create energy levels lie between contact 1 and 2 * Gigascale Circuits 3000 1000 2000 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.0 VDS (V) IDS (mA/mm) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? VG = 0 VGT = 0.5 * Molecular Motors The moving part of ATPase(腺苷三磷酸酶 ) is a central protein shaft (or rotor, in electric-motor terms), less than 12 nanometers in diameter, that rotates in response to electrochemical reactions with each of the molecules three proton channels (comparable to the electromagnets in the stator coil of an electric motor). ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the fuel for the molecular motors motion. Energy becomes available when atomic bonds between phosphate atoms