Phillips-McDougall-Evolution-of-the-Crop-Protection-Industry-since-1960-FIN自1960年以来作物保护工业评价.pdf

Evolution of the Crop Protection Industry since 1960 November 2018 Contents Introduction 2 Methodology 2 Size of the industry and product diversity 3 Biologicals sector 5 Product efficacy 6 Regulatory costs and requirements 7 Measures of impact on health, safety and the environment 9 Contribution to crop production and food security 12 Sustainable agriculture 14 Conclusion 16 References 17 Figures 1. Total number of active ingredients available globally 3 2. Number of new active ingredients introduced per decade: 1950s to present day 3 3. Impact of EU re-registration on active ingredients 4 4. Annual new product introductions for biologicals and conventional CP 5 5. Average active ingredient application rates over time 6 6. Discovery and development costs of a new crop protection product 8 7. Number of active ingredients falling into different safety classifications as a function of the decade in which they were introduced 10 8. Average quality characteristics of pesticides applied to four major US crops, 1968-2008 11 9. Growth in population, crop production, crop areas and yields 1960-201612 10. Yield losses with and without crop protection products13 11. Crop protection volume, tonnes of active ingredient13 Tables 1. Top 10 products used in major US crops by volume in 1968 and 20164 2. Biopesticides market growth versus total crop protection sales 6 3. Chronology and application rate ranges of main fungicide groups 7 4. Chronology and application rate ranges of main insecticide groups 7 5. Chronology and application rate ranges of main herbicide groups 7 6. Time to develop a new crop protection product 8 7. Crop production and yield growth 1960-2016 12 8. Population and per capita calorie consumption 1960-201813 9. Leading countries practising conservation tillage 15 Introduction Today, the world’s leading manufact