水文地球化学.ppt

国内主要的水化学方面的著作 雨水的化学成分和水文地质中的化学术语 (I) 雨水不是化学纯水 近海地区：含海盐，Na, Cl 含量高； 远离海洋地区：含Ca , SO4较高。 雨水中还含有甲酸（Formic Acid）、乙酸（Acetic Acid)、 NOx 、 SO2 等。 水文地质学中的化学术语 溶解固体总量（TDS--Total Dissolved Solids）: [ 溶解组分总和 ] — [HCO3]/2 (等同于矿化度） 盐度（Salinity): 溶解组分总和. 硬度（Hardness）：水中与钠皂反应生成沉淀物的离子浓度。以CaCO3 表示： H(mg/l)=2.5[Ca] +4.1 [Mg] 雨水的化学成分和水文地质中的化学术语(II) 淡水（Fresh water): TDS 1000mg/L 微咸水（Brackish water): 1000mg/LTDS2000mg/L 咸水（Saline water): 2000mg/LTDS 35000mg/l 卤水（Brine): TDS 35000mg/l 注意：划分的数字标准并非绝对，仅是一般的分法。 1.2 化学背景(Chemical background)  (pp.15-40) 1.2.1 Aqueous solution and properties of water STRUCTURE OF WATER Ionic character: ?O - ?H = 3.5 - 2.1 = 1.4 39% ionic; 61% covalent - water is polar covalent. Water is a polar substance, meaning there is a positive and a negative pole to the molecule. HYDROGEN BONDING Because each water molecule has a positive and a negative end, these can attract one another to form a hydrogen bond. ION HYDRATION Also because of the polar nature of water, ions will be surrounded by water dipoles (hydrated) in solution. Hydration isolates the ions from their neighbors and neutralizes the attractive forces that hold minerals together. 1.2.2 Concentration and unit conversion Closely related to mg L-1 is parts per million (ppm) or mg kg-1 These two units are related through the density of the solution (?) or mass per unit volume. Mass concentrations (continued) The conversion factor between mg L-1 and ppm is: Because the density of many natural waters is near 1 kg L-1, it is often a sufficiently good approximation that mg L-1 and ppm are numerically equal. Molar concentrations In almost all geochemical calculations, it is necessary to use molar concentrations rather than mass concentrations. Molarity (M) = moles of solute/liter of solution Molality (m) = moles of solute/1000 g of solvent If the density of the solution is