四川大学计算机网络课件 Chapter3.pptVIP

Transport Layer 3-* Case study: ATM ABR congestion control ABR: available bit rate: “elastic service” if sender’s path “underloaded”: sender should use available bandwidth if sender’s path congested: sender throttled to minimum guaranteed rate RM (resource management) cells: sent by sender, interspersed with data cells bits in RM cell set by switches (“network-assisted”) NI bit: no increase in rate (mild congestion) CI bit: congestion indication RM cells returned to sender by receiver, with bits intact Transport Layer 3-* Case study: ATM ABR congestion control two-byte ER (explicit rate) field in RM cell congested switch may lower ER value in cell senders’ send rate thus max supportable rate on path EFCI bit in data cells: set to 1 in congested switch if data cell preceding RM cell has EFCI set, receiver sets CI bit in returned RM cell RM cell data cell Transport Layer 3-* Chapter 3 outline 3.1 transport-layer services 3.2 multiplexing and demultiplexing 3.3 connectionless transport: UDP 3.4 principles of reliable data transfer 3.5 connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management 3.6 principles of congestion control 3.7 TCP congestion control Transport Layer 3-* TCP congestion control: additive increase multiplicative decrease approach: sender increases transmission rate (window size), probing for usable bandwidth, until loss occurs additive increase: increase cwnd by 1 MSS every RTT until loss detected multiplicative decrease: cut cwnd in half after loss cwnd: TCP sender congestion window size AIMD saw tooth behavior: probing for bandwidth additively increase window size … …. until loss occurs (then cut window in half) time Transport Layer 3-* TCP Congestion Control: details sender limits transmission: cwnd is dynamic, function of perceived network congestion TCP sending rate: roughly: send cwnd bytes, wait RTT for ACKS, then send more bytes last byte ACKed sent, not-yet ACKed (“in-flight”)