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Acute Heart Failure Definitions ? Acute Heart Failure (AHF) is defined as the rapid onset of symptoms and signs, secondary to abnormal cardiac function ? Cardiac dysfunction can be related to systolic or diastolic dysfunction, to abnormalities in cardiac rhythm or to preload and afterload mismatch ? It is often life threatening and requires urgent treatment Aetiology (1) Decompensation of chronic heart failure (2) Acute coronary syndromes (a) AMI / UAP / ischaemic dysfunction, (b) mechanical complications of AMI (c) right ventricular infarction (3) Hypertensive crisis (4) Acute arrhythmia (VT, VF, AF, SVT) Aetiology (5) Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis (6) Valvular regurgitation (7) Aortic stenosis (8) Acute myocarditis (9) Cardiac tamponade (10) Aortic dissection (11) Post-partum cardiomyopathy Aetiology (11) Non cardiovascular precipitating factors (a) poor compliance for medical treatment (b) volume overload (c) infections, especially pneumonia, septicaemia (d) severe brain injury (e) major surgery (f) reduced renal function (f) reduced renal function (g) asthma (h) drug abuse (i) alcohol abuse Aetiology (12) High output syndromes (a) septicaemia (b) thyrotoxicosis (c) anaemia (d) shunt syndromes Classification Patients with AHF present with six distinct clinical conditions Clinical Conditions Acute decompensation of CHF: Signs and symptoms are mild ? Heart rate +/- ? SBP +/- ? CI +/- ? PCWP + ? Diuresis + ? Hypoperfusion +/- Clinical Conditions AHF with pulmonary edema: Severe respiratory distress with rales over the lungs ? Heart rate + ? SBP +/- ? CI - ? PCWP ++ ? Diuresis + ? Hypoperfusion +/- Clinical Conditions Cardiogenic shock Low output syndrome: reduced BP, low urine output, tissue hypoperfusion Heart rate + ? SBP - ? CI - ? PCWP + ? Diuresis - ? Hypoperfusion + Clinical Conditions
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