认知语言学第三章隐喻与转喻.ppt

Chapter3 Conceptual metaphor and metonymies;01; All the world’s a stage And all the man and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrance, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages... 问君能有几多愁?恰似一江春水向东流 . 下馆子/上饭店 Do metaphors or metonymies only exist in literature? What kind of roles that metaphors and metonymies do in our daily life? ;Three stages of Metaphors studies;相似原则（principle of similarity）;顺接原则（principle of good continuation）;接近原则（principle of proximity）;突显原则（principle of prominence）;好的语言是一种圆满的实现，能表达人的感知本身所不能表现的事情。——查理 语言学上，把由于两个事物的特征上所存在的某一类似之处，而用指一个事物的词来指代另一个事物的演变方式叫做隐喻（Metaphor）。 Metaphor involves using words from one domain to talk about the other. The domain from which words been selected is called the source domain, and the domain been described is regarded as the target domain. ;;隐喻的抽象认知能力来源于对两个概念的“相似（ similarity）”的认知。 映射域即人脑中两个概念建立相似性的地方。 Three major components of mapping scopes： Image schemas: firmly grounded in our bodily experiences, are the most probably shared by all human beings. ‘in-out’ Basic correlations: guide us in understanding the events and actions in the world around us. ‘causeeffect’, action/changemotion… Culture-dependent evaluations: restricted to the members of a specific culture. ;映射（Mapping） 隐喻不仅是根据对具体事物的认知模式来认识和构造对其他事物的认知模式，而是将整个认知模式的结构、内部关系转移，这种转移被称为源模式向目标模式结构的映射。;隐喻本质上是一种认知现象，是思维相互作用的产物。它以已知喻未知、以熟悉喻不熟悉，以简单喻复杂、以具体喻抽象，以通俗喻科学。 Metaphor not only used for poetic effect, also enables human beings to understanding and describing abstract things. And the source domains tend very often to be concrete, things that we can experience directly. While the target domains tend to be abstract.;常规隐喻（conventional or dead metaphors）;结构隐喻（Structural Metaphor）;IDEAS (or MEANINGS) ARE OBJECTS LINGUISTIC EXPRESSIONS ARE CONTAINERS COMMUNICATION IS SENDING It’s hard to get that idea across to him. It’s difficult to put my ideas into words. ARGUMENT IS WAR He attacked every week point in my argume