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The Pioneer 10 11, Voyager 1 2, Galileo and Cassini spacecraft missions are summarised in the next frames . . . The Pioneer space probes Pioneer 10, launched May 1972, passed Jupiter at a distance of 130,000 km in December 1973. It photographed Jupiter and the Great Red Spot, satellites Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, and measured the extent of Jupiter’s radiation belts. Pioneer 11, launched April 1973, passed 43,000 km below Jupiter’s south pole in December 1974, moving on to photograph the Saturnian system from September 1979. Both crafts are heading out of the Solar System in opposite directions. Pioneer 10 was over 12 billion km from Earth in February 2004 (compared with Pluto’s mean distance from Sun of 5.85 billion km). The Voyager spacecrafts Voyager 1, launched September 1977, reached Jupiter in March 1979, closely photographing satellites Callisto, Ganymede, Europa and Io, before approaching 280,000 km from Jupiter. It went on to photograph Saturn (November 1980) before heading out of the Solar System. Voyager 2, launched August 1977, reached Jupiter in July 1979, passing close to satellites Callisto, Ganymede and Europa before its 714,000 km approach to Jupiter. Most of the photos in this Unit are from Voyager 2. It went on to photograph Saturn (August 1981), Uranus (January 1986) and Neptune (August 1989), before heading out of the Solar System. The Voyager flight paths Note the use of gravity assists (most notably at Saturn) to deflect and assist craft on to the next target. Gravity assists are evident in the Galileo  spacecraft flight path, 2 frames on . . . Pioneer and Voyager ‘exit from Solar System’ The Galileo Spacecraft Features: Launch inwards toward Venus Close-up images of two asteroids Gravity assists at Venus and Earth(2) Asteroid Ida and its orbiting 1km sized companion Dactyl Arrived 1995 Images of Comet SL-9 impact out of sight from Earth (see later frame) Descent of probe from Galileo(see next f