The National Standardsand Quality System培训课件.pptVIP

An Introduction to Standards Types of Technical Standards: by Author National standards (e.g. BS) Regional standards (e.g. EN) International standards (e.g. ISO) Sponsored standards (e.g. Adobe ‘pdf’ file format) Formal standards: standards bodies Market standards: industry Unsponsored standards (e.g. computer keyboard layout) An Introduction to Standards Types of Technical Standards: by Enforceability Mandatory (e.g. technical regulations, EU Old Approach Directives) Voluntary (e.g. ISO14001) Global supply chains (e.g. ISO/TS 16949 for auto parts manufacturers) An Introduction to Standards Benefits of standards Diffuse technology Diffuse market information Diffuse information on safety, health and environmental regulations Allow for specialization and economies of scale Facilitate trade (especially shared standards) Reduce transaction and search costs Allow to harness network externalities Increase competition by promoting interchangeability The Standards Development Process The Standards Development Process Primary national standards body -Accredits -Supervises National standards body/ies In decentralized systems only Technical committees -Votes on standards -Approves standards -Publishes standards Public (consumers, industry, government, non-profits) Coordinates standards program Develops technical content Comments on drafts At the national level: Propose new standards Submits drafts for public review The Standards Development Process At the international and regional level: International standards organizations: ISO, IEC, ITU Regional standards organizations: CEN, CENELEC for EU/EFTA EuroAsian Interstate Council for CIS National participation in standards development is open and voluntary The Conformity Assessment Framework The Conformity Assessment Framework Certification Provision of assurance that a product, service, system, process or material conforms to one or more standards or specifications Often conducted by an independent third-party Typically i