李侗思想及其对朱熹影响研究-历史学;专门史专业论文.docxVIP

万方数据 万方数据 摘 要 李侗的思想大体分为“理一分殊”、“默坐澄心”、“洒落融释”以及政治思想四个方面。 首先，“理一分殊”思想强调从“知字上用著力”来理会“仁”，提出了“理不患其不一， 所难者分殊耳”的观点，指出儒学与其他异端之学的区别便在于是否承认“理一而分殊”， 特别是对于“分殊”的把握。其次，李侗主张于静中体验已发未发之气象，“默坐澄心， 体认天理”。李侗通过静坐体认天理，进而达到某种气象。同时，在静中体认天理的过程 中李侗注重养气，并结合孟子的夜气说，教导朱熹夜气的存养是涵养工夫的关键所在。李 侗将养气与知言相结合，认为应该于知言处下功夫去养气，将养气导向了现实生活之中。 最后，李侗用“洒落融释”说来解决理一与万物的矛盾，是一种从事物中推寻天理的方法。 李侗将罗从彦的内向的主观性的静坐引向了日用生活之中，将主观的“知性”转为客观的 “尽性”，强调于“日用处下工夫”，做到“体用无间”。李侗虽然隐居山林，终身不仕， 但是他“伤时忧国”，对外主张抗金，反对议和；对内主张整顿纲常，明天理、正人心。 李侗的这些思想对于朱熹思想的形成有着重要的影响，朱熹或直接继承或批判继承，在其 “人物理气同异”说，格物致知思想，新旧中和说及其政治主张等方面均能看到其深受李 侗影响的痕迹。 关键词：李侗；朱熹；理一分殊；默坐澄心；洒落融释；影响 I 万方数据 万方数据 Abstract Li dong’s philosophy comprises four aspects, namely, “Li Yi Fen Shu”, “Mo Zuo Cheng Xin”, “Sa Luo Rong Shi”, and his political thoughts. Firstly, “Li Yi Fen Shu” emphas izes the understanding of “Ren” from “Zhi Zi Shang Yong Zhu Li”, putting forward the thought of “Li Bu Huang Q i Bu Yi, Suo Nan Zhe Fen Shu Er”. He points out the distinction between Confucianism and other heresies lies in the acknowledgement of “Li Yi Er Fen Shu”, especially in the understanding of “Fen Shu”. Secondly, Li Dong advocates the static experience of apperception of thing happening or not. “Mo Zuo Cheng Xin, Ti Ren Tian Li”. Li Dong learns truth through meditation and further gains some appercept ion. In the mean time, during this process he values the concept of nourishing air. Combining with what Mencius says about the night air, he teaches Zhu Xi that nourishing and storing night air is the key factor of self-restraint. He combines nourishing air with speech and thinks that nourishing air should be started from speech and leads it to real life. Finally, Li Dong uses “Sa Luo Rong Shi” to solve the contradiction between “Li Yi ” and all things on earth, which is a method of deducing theories from things. Li Dong puts Luo Congyan’s subjective internal meditation into daily life, transferring the subjective “Zhi Xing” to “Jing Xing”, emphasizing “Ri Yong Chu Xia Gong Fu”, achieving “Ti Yong Wu Jian”. Thou