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Agilent Digital Modulation in Communications Systems — An Introduction Application Note 1298 Introduction This application note introduces the concepts of Every time one of these efficiency parameters digital modulation used in many communications (bandwidth, power, or cost) is increased, another systems today. Emphasis is placed on explaining one decreases, becomes more complex, or does not the tradeoffs that are made to optimize efficiencies perform well in a poor environment. Cost is a dom- in system design. inant system priority. Low-cost radios will always be in demand. In the past, it was possible to make Most communications systems fall into one of three a radio low-cost by sacrificing power and band- categories: bandwidth efficient, power efficient, or width efficiency. This is no longer possible. The cost efficient. Bandwidth efficiency describes the radio spectrum is very valuable and operators who ability of a modulation scheme to accommodate do not use the spectrum efficiently could lose their data within a limited bandwidth. Power efficiency existing licenses or lose out in the competition for describes the ability of the system to reliably send new ones. These are the tradeoffs that must be information at the lowest practical power level. considered in digital RF communications design. In most systems, there is a high priority on band- width efficiency. The parameter to be optimized This application note covers depends on the demands of the particular system, as can be seen in the following two examples. • the reasons for the move to digital modulation; • how information is modulated onto in-phase (I) For d