副教授乌克兰南方师范大学孔子学院教师.PDF

Íàóêîâèé â³ñíèê ÏÍÏÓ ³ì. Ê. Ä. Óøèíñüêîãî. ˳íãâ³ñò. íàóêè. 2015. ¹ 20 ÓÄÊ 811.581+81.11.5+81’367.5 Øàí Âåé 单 威, Ñ. Þ. Þõèìåöü 佑赫梅茨·斯威特拉娜 哈尔滨工程大学国际合作教育学院，教师，副教授 乌克兰南方师范大学孔子学院，教师 “一样/不一样”类比较句的不对称现象研究 THE STUDY ON THE ASYMMETRY BETWEEN THE COMPARISON SENTENCES “YIYANG” AND “BU YIYANG” The articles deals with the problem of function asymmetry of the structures “yiyang” and “bu yiyang” in Chinese. The semantic and syntactic peculiarities of the compared structures are analyzed; the lexical combinability of the struc- tures “yiyang” and “bu yiyang” as well as stylistic functions are specified. The differences between the above mentioned structures are defined: “yiyang” can be followed by most parts of speech, “bu yiyang” can be followed only by the posi- tive monosyllabic measure adjectives; their adverbial pre-modifiers are also quite different due to their different semantics; the “yiyang”-structure can express both comparison and metaphor, whereas “bu yiyang” can not function as comparison or a metaphor simultaneously. Key words: asymmetry, structures “yiyang” / “bu yiyang”, semantic and syntactic peculiarities, combinability, comparison, metaphor. “一样”类比较句是典型的现代汉语平比句式，“一样”句是由介 词“跟、和、同、与”引入比较客体Y，与比较主体X进行比较，主要表 达两种事物或性质在某一方面的相同或近似。其基本格式是“X跟Y一样 （W）”。其否定式是“X跟Y不一样（W）”，平比的否定形式即为差 比，该格式表示两种事物或性质在某一方面不相同或不相似。“一样” 、“不一样”是比较结果，W是比较点。 “一样/不一样”类比较句看似简单，但留学生在学习这类比较句时 常常出错，其中几种典型的偏误如： A. 哈尔滨跟北京不一样冷。 © Øàí Âåé, Þõèìåöü Ñ. Þ., 2015 123 Íàóêîâèé â³ñíèê ÏÍÏÓ ³ì. Ê. Ä. Óøèíñüêîãî. ˳íãâ³ñò. íàóêè. 2015. ¹ 20 B. 他的衣服颜色跟我的很一样。 上述偏误，主要是由于学习者没有注意到肯定式与否定式的不对称 性导致的。留学生学习汉语过程中，在语感尚未建立或建立得不太好的 时候，常运用模拟套用的方法，在学习了肯定式的规则后，向否定式推 导，或者由否定式的用法向肯定式推导。这是一种由过渡概括导致的类 推性偏误。 肯定与否定是语法中非常重要的范畴，虽然从逻辑上讲二者是对称