商务英语中一词多义现象与翻译.ppt

商务英语一词多义现象 英语词汇的涵义范围比较宽，比较丰富多彩，词义对上下文的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。 （刘 庆.文体与翻译.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司，1985） 当英语中的词语孤立的 时候，其具体意义难以确定。即，英语词语的词义具有游移性（vacillant）和灵活性（flexible） Firth：Each word when used in a new context is a new word. 现代汉语词语的涵义范围比较狭窄，词义比较精确、固定、严谨，其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性比较小，具有较强的独立性 现代汉语里一词多义的现象远没有英语普遍。 Introduction to Cognitive linguistics Emerge in 1970s and become increasingly active since 1980s Lakoff’s conceptual theory of metaphor概念隐喻理论 Lakoff认为,可以把隐喻理解为从源域到目的域的映射。 映射是指将某个认知域的部分结构投射到另一个认知域中去。具体地说,人们使用源域的结构及相关的知识或经验,去谈论或思考目的域的概念。 The conventional metaphorical expressions are not a purely linguistic phenomenon, but the manifestation of a conceptual mapping between two semantic domains; The metaphorical mapping is asymmetrical（不对称的）: the expression is about a situation in one domain (the target domain), using a concepts mapped over from another domain (the source domain) The metaphorical mapping can be used for metaphorical reasoning about concepts in the target domain cognitive hypothesis language is not an autonomous cognitive faculty grammar is conceptualization (grammatical inflections and grammatical constructions play a major role in construing the experience ) knowledge of language emerges from language use Metaphor We use our basic bodily understanding of places, movement, forces, paths, objects and containers as sources of information about life, love, mathematics, and all other abstract concepts Conventionalized metaphors TIME IS SPACE I’ll see you at 2 o’clock. STATES ARE CONTAINERS He is in danger. A (conventional) metaphor is therefore a conceptual mapping between two domains: TARGET DOMAIN IS SOURCE DOMAIN. The target domain is rather abstract (like TIME and STATES), whereas the source domain (like SPACE and CONTAINERS) is more concrete. Some examples: Metaphor of the Mind Grammaticalization Content wordsgrammatical wordscliticinflectional affix A basket full of eggs a cupful (of water) hopeful 实词虚化 The role of metaphor in grammaticalization Metaphorical