Cultural_values跨文化交际文化价值观模式.pptVIP

Country or Region MASC Country or Region MASC Japan 95 Taiwan 45 Austria 79 Thailand 44 Italy 70 France 43 Switzerland 70 North Korea 39 Mexico 69 Denmark 16 Ireland 68 Netherlands 14 Great Britain 66 Norway 8 Germany 66 Sweden 5 * * Japan, Austria, Venezuela, Italy, Switzerland, Mexico, Ireland, the Philippines, Greece are among the countries where you can find many of the masculine values described by Hofstede (see Table 5.4). Nations such as Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland, Denmark tend toward a feminine worldview. 2.3.4. Masculinity vs. femininity * 2.3.5. Long-term versus short-term orientation Long-term orientation is the 5th dimention of Hofstede which was added to the original four to try to distinguish the differences in thinking between the East and West. From the original IBM studies, this difference was something that could not be deduced(演绎). Therefore, Hofstede created a Chinese value survey which was distributed across 23 countries. From the results, and with an understanding of the influence of the teachings of Confucius on the eastern Asian countries, long-term vs. short-term orientation became the fifth cultural dimension. Characteristics are as follows: * 1. Long-term orientation长期导向 emphasizes: 1) Persistence 2) Ordering relationships by status and observing this order 3) Thrift 4) Having a sense of shame 5) Valuing future * 2. Short-term orientation短期导向 emphasizes Personal steadiness and stability Protecting your “face” Respect for tradition Valuing past and present Fulfilling social obligations * Long-term orientation (such as China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Japan, and South Korea) would most likely have employees who reflect a strong work ethic and show great respect for status differences. You could expect individuals who are members of these cultures to value social order and long range goals. Those cultures that rank low on the long-term orientation index (the United States, Great Britain, Canada, the Ph