国际法庭案例.docVIP

PAGE 10 PAGE PAGE 1 跨国公司与经济、社会权利的实现 丹尼尔·阿吉利? ? 爱尔兰人权中心。 1.0 导言 传统观念普遍认为人权法涉及国家与个人之间关系 Humphrey, John P., “The International Law of Human Rights in the Middle of the Twentieth Century,” in The Present State of International Law and Other Essays, 75; International Law Association, 1973. Reprinted in Lillich, Richard B., International Human Rights: Problems of Law, Policy and Practice, Boston, Little, Brown and Comp., 1991 (2nd ed.) p.1，然而，当今人们开始日益关注私营机构及其对人权的影响。私营机构受国际法制约，承担相关责任，这一点在司法判决及条约释义中都已有体现，学术评论者也对此多次强调 Humphrey, John P., “The International Law of Human Rights in the Middle of the Twentieth Century,” in The Present State of International Law and Other Essays, 75; International Law Association, 1973. Reprinted in Lillich, Richard B., International Human Rights: Problems of Law, Policy and Practice, Boston, Little, Brown and Comp., 1991 (2nd ed.) p.1 Paust, Jordan There are various combinations of two sets of terms to refer to this entity: transnational/multinational and corporation/enterprise. The various combinations of these four terms are then abbreviated as MNCs, MNEs, TNCs and TNEs. See Muchlinski, Peter., Multinational Enterprises and the Law, Blackwell Publishers; (June 1995) at 12-15 (explaining history and content of the disagreements); Menno T. Kamminga Saman Zia-Zarifi, Liability of Multinational Corporations Under International Law: An Introduction, in Liability of Multinational Corporations Under International Law 1, 2-4 (Menno T. Kamminga Saman Zia-Zarifi eds., 2000) (comparing varying usages of multinational, transnational, corporation and enterprise) 作为适应性极强的实体，跨国公司得益于新自由主义经济学以及 “母国”“东道国”之争。此外，因跨国公司权利下放，各处分公司皆有一定责权，这更 促进了全球内人权双重标准的形成。世界银行、国际货币基金组织、经合组织及世贸组织的成立与运作使得跨国公司在经济、社会领域发挥颇为重要的影响 Voon, T., “Multinational Enterprises and State Sovereignty Under International Law” (1999) 21 Adelaide Law Review 219, 234-41。尤其，跨国公司常向国家政府施加极端影响力及压力，迫其采纳利于国际贸易的政策措施，从而“更有竞争力 Voon, T., “Multinational Enterprises and State Sovereignty Under Internati