有机化学英文课件chapter13.pptVIP

Organic Chemistry William H. Brown Christopher S. Foote Brent L. Iverson Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Chapter 13 Molecular Spectroscopy Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy: a spectroscopic technique that gives us information about the number and types of atoms in a molecule, for example, about the number and types of hydrogen atoms using 1H-NMR spectroscopy carbon atoms using 13C-NMR spectroscopy phosphorus atoms using 31P-NMR spectroscopy Nuclear Spin States An electron has a spin quantum number of 1/2 with allowed values of +1/2 and -1/2 this spinning charge creates an associated magnetic field in effect, an electron behaves as if it is a tiny bar magnet and has what is called a magnetic moment The same effect holds for certain atomic nuclei any atomic nucleus that has an odd mass number, an odd atomic number, or both also has a spin and a resulting nuclear magnetic moment the allowed nuclear spin states are determined by the spin quantum number, I, of the nucleus Nuclear Spin States a nucleus with spin quantum number I has 2I + 1 spin states; if I = 1/2, there are two allowed spin states Table 13.1 gives the spin quantum numbers and allowed nuclear spin states for selected isotopes of elements common to organic compounds Nuclear Spins in B0 within a collection of 1H and 13C atoms, nuclear spins are completely random in orientation when placed in a strong external magnetic field of strength B0, however, interaction between nuclear spins and the applied magnetic field is quantized, with the result that only certain orientations of nuclear magnetic moments are allowed Nuclear Spins in B0 for 1H and 13C, only two orientations are allowed Nuclear Spins in B0 In an applied field strength of 7.05T, which is readily available with present-day superconducting electromagnets, the difference in energy between nuclear spin states for 1H is approximately 0.120 J (0.0286 cal)/mol, which corresponds to electromagnetic radiation of 300 MHz (300,000,000 Hz) 13C is