应用化学专业英语朱红军第二版课文翻译资料.docVIP

Unit 7 Physical Chemistry Physical chemistry is the study of the physical basis of chemical systems and processes. Modern physical chemistry is firmly grounded upon physica. Important areas of study include chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, quantum chemistry, statistical mechanics, electrochemistry, surface and solid state chemistry, and spectroscopy. 物理化学是对化学系统和过程的物理基础的研究。现代物理化学以物理为基础。重要的研究领域包括化学热力学、化学动力学、量子化学、统计力学、电化学、表面和固体化学以及光谱学。 We have repeatedly referred to the energy effects accompanying chemical and physical changes. Thermodynamics is the study of these energy effects in particular, it summarizes the relations between heat, work, and other forms of energy that are involved in all types of changes. The laws of thermodynamics can be used to predict whether a particular chemical or physical transformation is theoretically possible under a given set of conditions. Furthermore, if a study shows that a desired change will not occur under the conditions assumed, thermodynamic principles can be used to determine how the conditions can be altered to make the change theoretically possible. 我们一再提到伴随着化学和物理变化的能量效应。热力学是对这些能量效应的研究，特别是，它总结了热、功和其他形式的能量之间的关系，这些关系涉及到所有类型的变化。热力学定律可以用来预测在给定的一组条件下，一种特定的化学或物理转化是否在理论上是可能的。此外，如果研究表明在假定的条件下不会发生期望的变化，则可以用热力学原理来确定如何改变条件，使这种变化在理论上成为可能。 Lesson 22 First Law of Thermodynamics Thermodynamics had its origin in the investigation of the relation between mechanical work and heat. Many scientists of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth conversion of mechanical work into heat. However, the careful and convincing studies of James Joule, in the years 1840 to 1849. firmly established the principle that work could be converted into heat and provided a quantitative value for the mechanical equivalent of heat. 热力学起源于对机械功与热关系的研究。许多科学家在十八世纪末和十九世纪初将机械功转化为热能。然而，詹姆斯·朱尔在1840年至1849年的仔细和令人信服的研究。它坚定地确立了功可以转化为热的原理，并为热的机械当量提供了一个定量的值。 Joule studied the conversion of work into heat in many ways. He used the work done by a falling weight to tur