微观经教材济学第6节生产跟企业组织.pptVIP

生产和企业组织 第6章 生产理论和边际产品 6.1 3 生产系统 Firms 4 生产函数 The production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs. It is defined for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge. It looks like this: Q = F(K, L, R) Q= F(K,L,R) Q is the quantity of some products you want to produce. K is the capital or plant and equipment that you will need for the production. L is the number of employees or quantity of labor. R is a catch-all (包括所有的) term for other things like raw materials (原料) and energy. F is the state of the current technology. 5 6 专业术语 The production function specifies the maximum output that can be produced with a given quantity of inputs for a given state of engineering and technical knowledge. 要点：①给定投入时的各个可能的产量中最大的产量。②在给定的工程和技术知识条件下。 7 总产量和平均产量 Total product designates the total amount of output produced in physical units. Average product equals total product divided by total units of input. 说明：平均产量通常是指某一种投入要素的平均产量。 8 边际产量 The marginal product (边际产量) of an input such as labor is the extra output added by 1 extra unit of that input while other inputs are hold constant. 其他要素保持不变，一种投入要素增加一单位，带来的产出的增加量。 边际产量图示 9 Firm 10 最大产出 劳动的边际产量的含义是：投入 N+1 单位劳动时的最大产量与投入 N 单位劳动时的最大产量之差。 增加 1 单位劳动后，所有的分工都要按最优方式重新安排，然后得出投入 N+1 劳动的产出水平。 11 4000 3000 2000 1000 3000 2000 1000 0 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 Labor Labor Marginal product (per unit of labor) Total product 报酬递减定律 Under the law of diminishing returns, a firm will get less and less extra output when it adds additional units of an input while holding other inputs fixed. In other words, the marginal product of each unit of input will decline as the amount of that input increases, holding all other inputs constant. 12 13 14 Units of labor Total product Marginal product Average product 0 0 1 2000 2000 2 3000 1500 3 3500 1167 4 3800 950 5 3900 780 2000 1000 500 300 100 边际产量和总产量的关系 产量 劳动力 总产量 边际产量 总产量下降 15 平均产量和总产量的关系 产量 劳动力 平均产量增大 阶段Ⅰ 总产量 平