河北师大英语语言学phonetics.pptVIP

Phonetics  1. Scope of Phonetics Phonetics studies the characteristics of human speech sounds and provides models for their description, classification and transcription. Speech sounds may be studied from three aspects: articulatory, auditory and acoustic. Articulatory phonetics (发音语音学) It studies the speech sounds from the point of the speaker by examining the way how a sound is produced, which vocal organs are involved and how they coordinate in the process. Auditory phonetics(听觉语音学) Speech sounds are studied from the hearer’s point of view. How does a speech sound make impression on the ear, the auditory nerve and the brain. Acoustic phonetics (声学语音学) It studies the physical properties of speech sounds by translating the sounds into visual representations in terms of frequency and intensity. We mainly focus on articulatory phonetics. 2. Speech organs 3. Segments and divergences English spelling does not represent its pronunciation. E.g above: 5 letters 4 sounds ghoti: can be read as fish gh: /f/ in enough 0: /I/ in women ti: /?/ in nation Reasons: ? more sounds than letters. One letter stands for several sounds. ? sounds change : doer=deer ? loan words: e.g ballet, chef 4. phonetic transcription: IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet) introduced in 1886 proposed by Otto Jesperson one letter for each sound widely used in dictionaries and textbooks The present system was revised by Daniel Jones in 1920s The latest version was updated in 1993 and 1996 5. Classification of Consonants According to place of articulation: Bilabial: The obstruction is formed by the lips e.g [p], [b], [m], [w] Labio-dental (唇齿音) The obstruction is formed between the lower lip and the upper teeth. e.g [f], [v] Dental The obstruction is formed between the tip of the tongue and the upper front teeth. /? /, /e / Alveolar(齿龈音) The obstruction is formed between the blade of the tongue and the teeth-ridge e.g [t], [d], [s], [z], [ts], [dz], [n], [l] Post-al