3环境概论-第3讲-生态系统与有机生物体 2.pptVIP

环境概论Introduction to Environment;Outline 提要;3.5 Predation 捕食 3.6 Competition 竞争 3.7 The Ecological Niche 生态小生境（生态位） ;3.1 Evolution: How Populations Change Over Time 进化:种群随时间如何变化.;Natural Selection 自然选择;The Kingdoms of Life 生命的界;Bacteria=archaebacteria+eubacteria prokaryotic cell 原核细胞 Protists, fungi, animals and plants: eukaryotic cell structure containing chloroplasts(叶绿体), mitochondria(线粒体). Eukaryotes that are unicellular or relatively simple multicellular organisms, such as algae, protozoa, slime molds, and water molds, are classified as members of the kingdom Protista. Fungi, plants and animals evolved independently from different group of Protista. Fungi secrete digestive enzymes into their food and then absorb the predigested nutrients. Plants use radiant energy to manufacture food molecules by photosynthesis. Animals ingest their food, the digest it inside their bodies. ;3.2 Biological Communities 生物群落;生物群落的概念 ;群落的基本特征 ;群落的基本特征;群落的基本特征;植物群落种类组成; (二)亚优势种 亚优势种(subdominant)指个体数量与作用都次于优势种，但在决定群落性质和控制群落环境方面仍起着一定作用的植物种。在复层群落中，它通常居于下层，如大针茅草原中的小半灌木冷蒿就是亚优势种。;（三)伴生种 伴生种(companion species)为群落的常见种类，它与优势种相伴存在，但不起主要作用。 (四)偶见种或稀见种 偶见种(rarepecies)是那些在群落中出现频率很低的种类，多半是由于种群本身数量稀少的缘故。偶见种可能偶然地由人们带人或随着某种条件的改变而侵人群落中，也可能是衰退中的残遗种。有些偶见种的出现具有生态指示意义，有的还可作为地方性特征种来看待。;群落交错区与边缘效应 ;Succession: How Communities Change over Time 演替: 群落随时间如何变化;Climax community顶级群落: Ecologists initially thought that succession inevitably led to a stable and persistent community, such as a forest, known as a climax community. It is now recognized that mature ‘climax’ communities are not in a state of permanent equilibrium but rather in a state of continual disturbance. The time involved in ecological succession is on the scale of tens, hundreds, or thousands of years, not the millions of years involved in the evolutionary time scale. Primary succession on bare rock from a pioneer community to a forest community often occurs in this sequence: lichens地衣→mosses台藓→ grasses草丛→ shrubs →