沉积构造(Sedimentary-structures)-英文课件.pptVIP

EaES 350-6 Contents Introduction Unconsolidated clastic sediments Sedimentary rocks Diagenesis Sediment transport and deposition Sedimentary structures Facies and depositional environments Glacial/eolian/lacustrine environments Fluvial/deltaic/coastal environments Shallow/deep marine environments Stratigraphic principles Sequence stratigraphy Sedimentary basins Models in sedimentary geology Applied sedimentary geology Reflection Sedimentary structures Sedimentary structures occur at very different scales, from less than a mm (thin section) to 100s–1000s of meters (large outcrops); most attention is traditionally focused on the bedform-scale Microforms (e.g., ripples) Mesoforms (e.g., dunes) Macroforms (e.g., bars) Sedimentary structures Laminae and beds are the basic sedimentary units that produce stratification; the transition between the two is arbitrarily set at 10 mm Normal grading is an upward decreasing grain size within a single lamina or bed (associated with a decrease in flow velocity), as opposed to reverse grading Fining-upward successions and coarsening-upward successions are the products of vertically stacked individual beds Sedimentary structures Cross stratification Cross lamination (small-scale cross stratification) is produced by ripples Cross bedding (large-scale cross stratification) is produced by dunes Cross-stratified deposits can only be preserved when a bedform is not entirely eroded by the subsequent bedform (i.e., sediment input sediment output) Straight-crested bedforms lead to planar cross stratification; sinuous or linguoid bedforms produce trough cross stratification Sedimentary structures Cross stratification The angle of climb of cross-stratified deposits increases with deposition rate, resulting in ‘climbing ripple cross lamination’ Antidunes form cross strata that dip upstream, but these are not commonly preserved A single unit of cross-stratified material is known as a set; a succession of sets forms a co-set Sedimentary struct