污染控制目标专题课件.ppt

Pollutants and their effects 一个统计生命的价值（the value of a statistical life） Di为第i人每年死亡的风险；?Di 为第 i 人每年死亡风险的边际改变量，如0.001；WTPi（?Di）为第 i 人每年对降低此死亡风险之边际改变量的愿付价值。 Externalities of Energy. A research Project of the European Commission * * Efficient levels of emission of stock pollutant Majority pollution problem associated with stock pollutants. EPA is easier to control the rate of emission of flow pollutants instead of stock pollutants. The analysis of stock pollutants involves the space and time. Efficient levels of emission of stock pollutant Location of the emissions UM and Non-UM: Mixing of pollutant: refer to the extent to which physical processes cause the pollutant to be dispersed or spread. Uniformly mixing (UM): a pollutant is uniformly mixing if physical process operate so that the pollutant quickly becomes dispersed to the point where its spatial distribution is uniform. For UM, the location of emission source is unimportant. Location of the emissions Case of UM: Suppose: Two polluting sources: S1 and S2, located near four urban areas Four receptors: R1, R2, R3 and R4, have population whose health is adversely affected by the pollution Pollution persist for a few days One particular day, pollution concentration is dependent on the emission of last few days. (no long time accumulation) S1 S2 R4 R3 R2 R1 Figure A spatially differentiated air shed. Location of the emissions Case of UM: Efficient level of emission (modification of flow function) There is one-one relationship between level of emissions (M) and stock (A): A=kM k fixed for any particular kind of pollution Location of the emissions Case of Non-UM For Non-UM, location matters Same M will lead to different value of A across receptors; Even if M constant, but its source of distribution changes, A would also change. Example of non-UM: Ozone Oxides of nitrogen 氮氧化物 and sulphur 硫磺 Particulate pollutants Water and ground pollutants Policy-maker: Controlli