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Tone 语调 The author’s attitude, stated or implied, toward the subject or audience. The tone of a piece of writing can be Formal Intimate Outspoken Reticent Abstruse Simple Solemn Playful Angry Loving Serious Ironic Tone V.S. Mood Mood? The climate of? feeling in a literary work. Style, Tone Irony Style 风格 The author’s characteristic manner of expression. Hemingway and Faulkner are good examples of contrasting styles. 1. Diction 措辞 A writer’s choice of words that comprise an author’s basic vocabulary. ① Denotative V.S. Connotative meaning of words Denotation 表义 The basic definition / dictionary meaning of a word ★ word meanings Connotation 涵义 The meaning suggested / implied by a given word / phrase, as opposed to its literal meaning ★ word suggestions ② Degree of concreteness V.S. abstractness Concrete 具体 Language referring directly to what we see, hear, touch, taste, or smell is concrete. ★ Most literature uses concrete language and expresses even abstract concepts concretely through images and metaphors. Abstract 抽象 The opposite of concrete, used to describe a word or group of words representing attitudes, generalities, ideas, or qualities that cannot be apprehended directly through the senses. ★ The language of philosophy and science tends to be abstract. ③ Degree of allusiveness Allusion 引喻，暗示 A reference, generally brief, to a person, place, thing or event with which the reader is presumably familiar. Eg: Magnus is the Adonis of the class. (Adonis is a mythical character who is the most handsome.) Some call Marcos a modern Hitler. (Marcos is an ex-president of the Philippines.) ④ Parts of speech ⑤ Length Construction ⑥ Level of usage Standard V.S. Nonstandard Formal V.S. Informal / Colloquial ⑦Imagery 意象 Sensory
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