基础代谢率影响能量代谢的因素.PPT

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * Energy intake Appetite quality and quantity of food culture influence Energy expenditure ?Energy expenditure An effective means ?physical activity Leptin synthesized by adipose tissue cells functions in a negative feedback system to maintain a constant body weight Stress Ghrelin is released from endocrine cells in the fundus of stomach ? hunger ? gastric motility and acid production ?burning of fat Control of energy balance Part 2 Body Temperature and Temperature Regulation Body temperature Skin temperature Changing with the temperature of the surroundings Core temperature Maintaining constant (when T=12~54?C) Normal core temperature Site Mean value of temperature Standard deviation Range of variation of temperature Axilla 36.79oC 0.357 36.0-37.4 oC Oral cavity 37.19 oC 0.249 36.7-37.7 oC Rectum 37.47 oC 0.251 36.9-37.9 oC Physiological fluctuations of the body temperature Circadian rhythm Diurnal rhythmic changes with a variation of 1 ?C These rhythms originate in the hypothalamus Circamensal rhythm Women have a T rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle. Physiological fluctuations of the body temperature Age Emotional stress Muscle activity Food, drugs Important to maintain a stable body temperature Core Temperature (℃) Symptoms 28 muscle failure 30 loss of body temperature control 33 loss of consciousness 37 normal 42 central nervous system breakdown 44 death Temperature regulation Body temperature is controlled by balancing heat production against heat loss Heat production Major organs of heat production in the body Percentage in body weight Percentage in At rest heat-production During labor The brain 2.5 16 1 The internal organs (i.e. liver and spleen, etc.) 34 56 8 The muscle skin 56 18 90 The Others 7.5 10 1 Heat production Modes of heat-production Shivering thermogenesis Non-shivering thermogenesis Control of thermogenesis Thyroxine, catecholamines, androgens and GH Sympathetic nervous system Shivering thermoge