网络与分布式系统研究室(DisNet.pptVIP

I/O Management and Disk Scheduling Chapter 11 Categories of I/O Devices Human readable Used to communicate with the user Printers Video display terminals Display Keyboard Mouse Categories of I/O Devices Machine readable Used to communicate with electronic equipment Disk and tap drives Sensors Controllers Actuators Categories of I/O Devices Communication Used to communicate with remote devices Digital line drivers Modems Differences in I/O Devices Data rate May be differences of several orders of magnitude between the data transfer rates Differences in I/O Devices Application Disk used to store files requires file-management software Disk used to store virtual memory pages needs special hardware and software to support it Terminal used by system administrator may have a higher priority Differences in I/O Devices Complexity of control Unit of transfer Data may be transferred as a stream of bytes for a terminal or in larger blocks for a disk Data representation Encoding schemes Error conditions Devices respond to errors differently Differences in I/O Devices Programmed I/O Process is busy-waiting for the operation to complete Interrupt-driven I/O I/O command is issued Processor continues executing instructions I/O module sends an interrupt when done Techniques for Performing I/O Direct Memory Access (DMA) DMA module controls exchange of data between main memory and the I/O device Processor interrupted only after entire block has been transferred Evolution of the I/O Function Processor directly controls a peripheral device Controller or I/O module is added Processor uses programmed I/O without interrupts Processor does not need to handle details of external devices Evolution of the I/O Function Controller or I/O module with interrupts Processor does not spend time waiting for an I/O operation to be performed Direct Memory Access Blocks of data are moved into memory without involving the processor Processor involved at beginning and end only Evolution of the I/O Func