糖和糖生物化学.pptVIP

结合糖[复合糖，糖复合物] 糖与非糖物质如脂类或蛋白共价结合，分别形成： 糖脂（Glycolipids）、 糖蛋白(Glycoproteins) 蛋白多糖（proteoglycans）等糖复合物。 糖 脂[Glycolipids] 种类多，革兰氏阴性菌细胞壁含有十分复杂的脂多糖，其分子结构一般包括三部分： 外层专一性寡糖链—中心多糖链—脂质 其中，外层部分的组分随菌株而异，可使人体致病。 脂多糖在细胞表面与细胞的各种识别事件相关，如鞘糖脂决定人类血型A、B、O。 脂多糖与人类血型 Human Blood Groups Carbohydrates attached to glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of red blood cells, For one type of blood group one of three different structures are present, Each of three structures have in common an oligosaccharide foundation called O antigen. Blood Groups A and B antigen differ by addition of one extra monosaccharide : N-acetylgalactosamine or galactose Blood Groups Glycosyltransferases catalyse formation of glycosidic bonds, Specific glycosyltransferases add the extra monosaccharide to the O antigen, Individuals inherit gene for one transferase from each parent, Type A transferase adds N-acetlygalactosamine, Type B transferase adds galactose, Important implications for blood transfusions. Blood Groups 糖蛋白（Glycoproteins） 自然界中分布最广的一类复合糖，几乎所有的细胞都能合成糖蛋白，由短链寡糖与蛋白质共价连成，连接通过2种不同类型的糖苷键，一种是糖链上的半缩醛羟基与肽链上的Thr, Ser, HyPro, HyLys的-OH形成O-糖苷键；另一种是半缩醛羟基与肽链上的Asn的-NH2形成N-糖苷键。 蛋白聚糖[Proteoglycans] 蛋白质与糖胺聚糖以共价键连成的大分子复合物，糖胺聚糖链连在核心蛋白上，是具有多聚阴离子的杂多糖，由氨基己糖和己糖醛酸交替排列成线性顺序，不同部位还有硫酸取代基。有三种不同的糖肽键连接，D-Xyl与Ser的-OH形成O-糖肽键、GlcNAc与Asn形成N-糖肽键、GalNAc与Thr或Ser的-OH形成O-糖肽键。 N-linked Oligosaccharide All N-linked oligosaccharides have a common pentasaccharide core N-linked Oligosaccharide Glycoproteins Glycosylation takes place in ER and Golgi complex, N-linked glycosylation begins in ER and continues in Golgi, O-linked glycosylation only occurs in the Golgi, N-linked glycoproteins acquire initial sugars in the ER. Glycoproteins Golgi complex involved in glycosylation and sorting, N-linked sugars –elaborated modified, O-linked sugars created, Glycoproteins sorted according to signals encoded in amino acid sequence and structure. 凝集素（Lectins） Proteins that bind specific carbohydrate structures， Ubiquitous – found in animals