Hypothesis_Testing(统计学假设检验).ppt

Limitation of z-scores in hypothesis testing The limitation of z-scores in hypothesis testing is that the population standard deviation ? (or variance) must be known. What if you don’t know the μ and ? of the population? Answer: use the sample variability instead * * Sample variance s2 = sum of squares of deviation/ (n-1) = sum of square of deviations/df = SS/df Since you must know the sample mean before you can compute sample variance, this places a restriction on sample variability such that only n-1 scores in a sample are free to vary. The value n-1 is called the degrees of freedom (or df ) for the sample variance. * If you select all the possible samples of a particular size (n), the set of all possible t statistics will form a t distribution. Z statistic t statistic Unknown ? Good for: (i) large sample n30, with the underlying distribution may or may not be Normal (ii) small sample n30 with the underlying distribution is Normal * Distributions of the t statistic for different values of degrees of freedom are compared to a normal distribution. * * * * The t distribution with df = 3. Note that 5% of the distribution is located in the tails t2.353 and t2.353. The label on Fries’ Catsup indicates that the bottle contains 16 ounces of catsup. A sample of 36 bottles from last hour’s production revealed a mean weight of 16.12 ounces per bottle and a sample standard deviation of 0.5 ounces. At the 0.05 significance level, test if the process out of control? That is, can we conclude that the mean amount per bottle is different from 16 ounces? * Step 1 State the null and the alternative hypotheses H0: m = 16 H1: m = 16 Step 3 Since the sample size is large enough and the population s.d. is unknown, we can use the test statistic is t. Step 2 Select the significance level. The significance level is .05. Step 4 State the decision rule. Reject H0 if z 1.96 or z -1.96 (since ? = 0.05) Step 5 Make a decision and interpret the results. (Next page) * Com