计算机科学导论 (9).pptVIP

* Common Concepts of Programming Languages Constants: A constant is a named memory location with an associated value, but the value cannot be altered during the execution after it has been defined at the beginning of the program. For example in C or C++ program, π can be defined at the beginning and used during execution of the program, such as const float pi = 3.14; The type of constant must be defined when it is declared. Figure 9.5 Variables * Common Concepts of Programming Languages Input and Output: Input is used to read data from other devices (e.g. monitor and file). Output is used to write data to other devices. Every language usually provides some input/output functions or interfaces. Expressions: An expression defines a set of operands and operators. These operators include arithmetic operators, relational operators and logical operators. Table 9.7, Table 9.8 and Table 9.9 shows some operators used in C, C++, and Java. Table 9.7 Arithmetic operators * Common Concepts of Programming Languages Table 9.8 Relational operators Table 9.9 Logical operators * Common Concepts of Programming Languages Statements: A statement is a command that causes a specific action to be performed by the program. In C language, an expression becomes a statement when it is followed by a semicolon. Statements are executed in sequence and do not have values. They are translated directly into one or more executable computer instructions. Figure 9.6 shows the categories of the statements. Figure 9.6 Statements * Common Concepts of Programming Languages Functions: Function is an independent module that is called to do specific tasks. In some programming languages, a function is equivalent to a subroutine, or a procedure. For example, a function is similar to a subroutine or function in FORTRAN, a method or member function in most object-oriented languages, or a procedure or func