大学商务英语综合教程unit1.pptVIP

Adam Smith and Wealth of Nations The explanation of how rational self-interest in a free-market economy leads to economic well-being. Thomas Robert Malthus and An Essay on the Principle of Population(人口原理） He is known for his dire warnings against overpopulation, Malthus did not oppose population growth per se. Rather, he opposed growth that would outstrip the food supply. He predicted that population would grow geometrically, while the food supply would increase only arithmetically, resulting in mass starvation. David Ricardo and Principles of Political Economy and Taxation《政治经济学及赋税原理》  Diminishing-returns in agriculture The Labor Theory of Value The Theory of Comparative Advantage? Ricardo formulated the idea of comparative costs, today called comparative advantage. Comparative advantage is the main basis for most economists belief in free trade today. The idea is this: a country that trades for products that it can get at lower cost from another country is better off than if it had made the products at home. Comparative advantage and absolute advantage absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce more of a good or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources. comparative advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, a firm, or a country) to produce a particular good or service at a lower opportunity cost than another party. Marxism Surplus value Reports analyses Animal breeding Automobile industry Textile Tourism Railway transport Construction industry/ real estate Computer service industry Economics sectors Primary sector (extraction of raw materials) Secondary sector (manufacturing ) Tertiary sector (services ) Primary sector The primary sector of the economy involves changing natural resources into primary products. Most products from this sector are considered raw materials for other industries. Major businesses in this sector include agriculture, agri