【精品文档】中英文双语土木工程工程造价相关的毕业设计外文文献翻译：工程造价管理.pdf

Chapter 7 Project Cost Management 7.1 Introduction a. Estimating costs of the project Having identified the resources needed to complete the project, it is now necessary to estimate how much each of these resources cost. The sum of all costs related to all resources is the total project costs. Cost estimating is the process of calculating and computing the costs of all the resources that have been identified to be nec- essary to complete the project. Such resources can be identified from the project scope statement, work breakdown structure, components and activities. Cost esti- mates for resources can in turn be affected by quality choice, risk influence and procurement matters. Resources typically include materials, manpower and machine. In addition, costs of these resources can be influenced by management competence, methods of construction and money to fund the project. Collectively, this can be abbreviated as the 6 M ’s. Estimating the costs of resources can be affected by economic conditions, currency fluctuations, market competition and other variations such as those relating to availability as well as demand and supply situation. These may collectively affect the total costs of the estimates. Upon completion of cost estimating, the cost estimates for resources are derived. These show the costs needed to procure the resources necessary to complete the project. However, costs to the builder are not the same as costs to the client. The builder adds a profit margin to his costs that will then show up as a price to the client. Apart from identifying the resources needed to complete the project, the quantities of such resources must also be determined correspondingly. The amount of resources or the duration needed to use the resources is in turn estimated using labour constants and equipment outputs. For example, labour constants show the quantitie