膜结构及其转运功能11.pptVIP

厦门大学医学院 戚 智 Cell Diversity 磷脂Phospholipids （二）细胞膜的蛋白Membrane Proteins Proteins determine membrane’s specific functions: Plasma membrane organelle membranes each have unique collections of proteins （三）细胞膜的糖类Membrane carbohydrates Play a key role in cell-cell recognition ability of a cell to distinguish one cell from another antigens important in organ tissue development basis for rejection of foreign cells by immune system Membrane Structure: Protein to Lipid Ratio varies from cell type to cell type Ratio for cells with high metabolic activity 功能活跃的细胞，其膜蛋白含量较高 Gating（门控）: 1)Voltage-gated ion channel 2)Chemically-gated ion channel 3)Mechanically-gated ion channel 2. 经载体易化扩散 Facilitated diffusion via carrier 经载体易化扩散的特点： ①顺浓度差转运,速度比依溶质物理特性预期的快(move solutes faster across membrane); ②饱和现象(saturation); ③结构特异性 (highly specific to specific solutes); ④竞争抑制competitive inhibition （三）主动转运 active transport 定义─细胞膜通过本身某种耗能过程，借助细胞膜某些蛋白质的帮助，将非脂溶性物质分子或离子逆电化学梯度差进行的转运。 根据转运能量是否直接来源于ATP的不同分为:原发和继发两种主动转运形式。 钠-钾泵 sodium-potassium pump简称钠泵sodium pump,又称Na+-K+-ATP酶(Na+-K+-ATPase) ①胞内高钾,为代谢提供必需条件（e.g.,核糖体合成蛋白）; ②维持胞质渗透压和细胞容积的稳定; ③是细胞产生生物电的前提条件； ④生电性(排出3Na+,转入2K+)作用,增大膜内负电位,影响静息电位的数值； ⑤建立钠的跨膜浓度梯度，为继发性主动转运提供动力（Na+-H+交换， Na+-Ca2+交换）。 （1）同向转运 （1）反向转运 How about large molecules? Moving large molecules into out of cell through vesicles 消耗能量、主动 Exocytosis-出胞 = the movement of a substance by a vesicle to the outside of a cell Constitutive Exocytosis-持续性出胞 Regulated Exocytosis-调节性出胞 endocytosis –入胞= the movement of a substance into a cell by a vesicle phagocytosis –吞噬= “cellular eating” Pinocytosis-吞饮 = “cellular drinking” 液态镶嵌模型 双噬性分子 磷脂 胆固醇 表面蛋白 整合蛋白 单纯扩散 易化扩散 离子通道 离子选择性 化学门控通道 电压门控通道 机械门控通道 水通道 转运体 载体 主动转运 钠-钾泵 钙泵 被动转运 继发性主动转运 同向转运体 反向转运体 交换体 膜胞转运 出胞 入胞 吞噬 吞饮 受体介导入胞 近端肾小管上皮 （Na+-Glucose）小肠黏膜上皮（2Na+-Glucose） Na+-葡萄糖同向转运体 （1）同向转运 Na+-氨基酸 肾小管上皮细胞 肾小管上皮细胞 甲状腺上皮细胞 Exchangers (also known as antiporters) are found in many different cells and tissues and perfo