细胞分子生物学第11章基因表达的转录调控.pptVIP

11 TRANSCRIPTIONAL CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION 11.1 Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Control and RNA Polymerases 11.2 Regulatory Sequences in Protein-Coding Genes 11.3 Activators and Repressors of Transcription 11.4 Transcription Initiation by RNA Polymerase II 11.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Activation and Repression 11.6 Regulation of Transcription-Factor Activity 11.7 Regulated Elongation and Termination of Transcription 11.8 Other Eukaryotic Transcription Systems 11.1 Overview of Eukaryotic Gene Control and RNA Polymerases The nuclei of all eukaryotic cells contain three different RNA polymeras, designated I, II, and III. RNA polymerase I, located in the nucleolus, transcribes genes encoding precursor rRNA (pre-rRNA). RNA polymerase II transcribes all protein-coding genes; RNA polymerase III transcribes genes encoding tRNAs. 11.2 Regulatory Sequences in Protein-Coding Genes 11.3 Activators and Repressors of Transcription Activators Are Modular Proteins Composed of Distinct Functional Domains Repressors Are the Functional Converse of Activators Like activators, most eukaryotic repressors are modular proteins that have two functional domains: a DNA-binding domain and a repression domain 11.4 Transcription Initiation by RNA Polymerase II General Transcription Factors (TF) Position RNA Polymerases II at Start Sites and Assist in Initiation Sequential Assembly of Proteins Forms the Pol II Transcription Preinitiation Complex TATA box–binding protein (TBP) carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD): Tyr-Ser-Pro-Thr-Ser-Pro-Ser 11.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Transcription Activation and Repression 激活子和抑制子通过与DNA的特殊部位结合来调节蛋白基因的表达，主要有2种机制： 1 激活子和抑制子与其他蛋白协作调节染色质的结构，从而影响一般转录因子与启动子的结合； 2 激活子和抑制子与多蛋白复合物（转录复合物的调节子）相互作用，这一调节子与Pol II结合调节转录起始复合物的作用； 11.6 Regulation of Transcription-Factor Activity Hormone Binding to a Nuclear Receptor Regulates Its Activity as a Transcription Factor All Nuclear Receptors Share a Common Domain Stru