Chemistry Introduction 化学入门前四章教学课件.ppt

18 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 22 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 23 24 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 * Rutherford’s Results Over 98% of the ? particles went straight through About 2% of the ? particles went through but were deflected by large angles About 0.01% of the ? particles bounced off the gold foil * Rutherford’s Nuclear Model The atom contains a tiny dense center called the nucleus the volume is about 1/10 trillionth the volume of the atom The nucleus is essentially the entire mass of the atom The nucleus is positively charged the amount of positive charge of the nucleus balances the negative charge of the electrons The electrons move around in the empty space of the atom surrounding the nucleus Figure 4.9: A nuclear atom viewed in cross section. * Structure of the Nucleus The nucleus was found to be composed of two kinds of particles Some of these particles are called protons charge = +1 mass is about the same as a hydrogen atom Since protons and electrons have the same amount of charge, for the atom to be neutral there must be equal numbers of protons and electrons The other particle is called a neutron has no charge has a mass slightly more than a proton * The Modern Atom We know atoms are composed of three main pieces - protons, neutrons and electrons The nucleus contains protons and neutrons The nucleus is only about 10-13 cm in diameter The electrons move outside the nucleus with an average distance of about 10-8 cm therefore the radius of the atom is about 105 times larger than the radius of the nucleus * Isotopes All atoms of an element have the same number of protons The number of protons in an atom of a given element is the same as the atomic number found on the Periodic Table Atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes All isotopes of an element are chemically identical undergo the exact same chemical reactions Isotopes of an element have differ