Lecture 6 Ekman flows 和海洋风生环流.pptx

Objectives: to understand the common character of large scale atmospheric dynamics and oceanic dynamics.大尺度大气和海洋动力学的共性特征. Major Contents: (1.) Dynamic behavior of geophysical fluid under conditions of gravitation, rotation, stratification层结, viscosity and heating粘性和加热; (2.) Theory for solutions and mechanisms: inviscid shallow-water theory无粘旋转流体的浅水理论 friction and viscous flow,摩擦和粘性流 wind-driven oceanic circulation,海洋风生环流;Shallow water model 浅水模型;For equation of horizontal velocity (u, v, 0) ;浅水模型中;地转流 Geostropic flow, 当大尺度时Ro1;地转流 ;Chapter 6 Ekman flows;6.1 考虑粘性效应的边界层;9;Planetary boundary layer 行星边界层;大气边界层（百度） 近地面层或表面层（亦称常通量层constant fluxes layer ）：是大气边界层最接近地表面的部分。厚度为100米左右，该层内湍流黏性力为主导力。风速与高度同增。湍流动量通量(湍???切应力)、热通量和水汽通量近似不随高度变化的气层。按照稳定度性质区分为不稳定近地面层、中性近地面层和稳定近地面层。厚度在十米至百米左右，不稳定或地面粗糙度大的情形下厚度较大，稳定或地面粗糙度小的时候较浅薄。近地面层中温度、湿度、风速等气象。要素随高度的变化很大，湍流运动对该层的性质起着决定性的作用，进而又决定了整个大气边界层的特征。近地面层是人类和生物直接接触的气层和大气污染影响最主要的表现场所。 艾克曼层：地转形成的科里奥氏力在该层当中相当重要。风向在这里随高度改变，艾克曼层的厚度随着强烈太阳辐射和夜晚低风速影响而从100米高度到2000~3000米不等。;12;13;14;15;Laminar layer The laminar boundary layer of air adhering to all surfaces In the laminar sub-layer there is no convection due to the absence of vertical velocities Insulating barrier between the surface and the atmosphere Steep climatic response;of 56;18;19;Prandtl assumed that the lump of fluid is transported freely with conserved momentum by turbulence over a certain mixing length.;Similarly, we assume the same for the w’;Eddy viscosity (AV) modeling;23;摩擦速度;In fluid dynamics, the Von Kármán constant (or Kármán constant), named for Theodore von Kármán, is a dimensionless constant describing the logarithmic velocity profile of a turbulent fluid flow near a boundary with a no-slip condition. The equation for such boundary layer flow profiles is:;Theodore von Kármán (original Hungarian name: Sz?ll?skislaki Kármán Tódor) (May 11, 1881 – May 7, 1963) was a Hungarian-American aerospace engineer and physicist who was active primarily in the fields of aeronautics and astronaut