Lect_Lec_13_Synchronization浙江大学体系结构.pdfVIP

Synchronization inSynchronization in Multiprocessor 2013Fall_Ad Computer Architecture SynchronizationSynchronization Definition:Definition: thethe coordinationcoordination ofof simultaneoussimultaneous threadsthreads oror processes to complete a task in order to get correct runtime order and avoid unexpected race conditions Forks and Joins: in parallel programming a parallel process may want to wait until several events have occurred. Producer-Consumer: A consumer process must wait untiltil ththe prodducer process hhas prodducedd ddatta. Exclusive use of a resource: Operating system has to ensureensure thatthat onlyonly oneone processprocess usesuses aa resourceresource atat aa given time. 2013Fall_Ad Computer Architecture Example:Example: WhyWhy SynchronizeSynchronize?? NeedNeed toto knowknow whenwhen itit isis safe for different processes to use shared data P1 P2 P3 P4 IfIf eacheach processprocess executesexecutes x:x:=xx+1,1, X then what will be final value of x? 2013Fall_Ad Computer Architecture XX couldcould bebe 1,1, 2,2, 3,3, 44 2013Fall_Ad Computer Architecture How to impplement Syynchronization? HardwareHardware PrimitivePrimitive:: ProvideProvide uuninterruptableninterruptable instruction to fetch and update memory (atomic operation);operation); oror instructioninstruction sequencessequences thatthat cancan retrieve and change a value atomically. UserUser levellevel synchronizationsynchronization operationoperation usingusing thisthis primitive; FFor llarge scalle MPMPs, synchhroniizatition can bbe a bottleneck; need techniques to reduce contentioncontention andand latenclatency ofof ssynchnchronioniz