航海仿真课件NavSim04.pptVIP

Spline Interpolation Cubic Spline Ways to fix two free parameters Specifying the first derivative at endpoints t1 and tn Forcing the second derivatives to be zero at the endpoints Enforcing a “not-a-knot” condition, which forces two consecutive cubic pieces to be the same, at t2 and at tn-1 Forcing quality of the first derivatives as well as equality of the second derivatives at the end points t1 and tn (if the spline is to be periodic) Spline Interpolation Boundary conditions Spline InterpolationFirst Boundary condition Interpolation（First Boundary condition） Spline Interpolation Example John Shi Chaojian Merchant Marine College Shanghai Maritime University 4. Computation Approximations Source of Approximation ? Modeling: Some physical features of the problem or system under study may be simplified or omitted (e.g., friction, viscosity, air resistance). ? Empirical measurements: Laboratory instruments have finite precision. Their accuracy may be further limited by small sample size, or readings obtained may be subject to random noise or systematic bias. ? Previous computations: Input data may have been produced by a previous computational step whose results were only approximate. Approximations Source of Approximation Truncation or discretization: Some features of a mathematical model may be omitted or simplified (e.g., replacing derivatives by finite differences or using only a finite number of terms in an infinite series). Rounding: The representation of real numbers and arithmetic operations upon them is ultimately limited to some finite amount of precision and thus is generally inexact. Approximations Data Error and Computational Error Approximations Truncation and Rounding Error. Computational error can be subdivided into truncation (or discretization) error and rounding error: ? Truncation error is the difference between the true result (for the actual in-put) and the result that would be produced by a given algorithm using exact arithmetic. It is due to