非常棒海洋生物珊瑚礁给热爱自然和喜欢潜水的人.ppt

Destructive Resource Extraction Practices Toxic Chemical Spills Sediment Plume Entering the Ocean Corals Smothered in Sediment Dredging Coastal Development Anchor Damage Diver Damage Ecotourism Pennekamp Reef, Key Largo, FL Net Damage Net Entanglement ??????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? Overfishing and Bycatch Ornamental Trade: Fan worm Threadfin Butterfly fish Introduced Species Acanthophora, Eucheuma, Gracillaria Feeding Fish Hanauma Bay Kaneohe Bay and Bubble algae Nutrients and Algae Growth Dictyosphaeria cavernosa Bleaching Global Bleaching (2002) none low moderate severe severity unknown Acid Rain in Marine Environment reduces ability of marine organisms to utilize calcium carbonate Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner Sea Level Rise * * * * * * * Ahermatypic Corals Heterotrophic Nutrition General feeding modes: predaceous carnivores capturing live prey detritus feeding absorption of dissolved organic matter from surrounding water Nematocyst Discharge Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + light ? C6H12O6 + 6O2 Autotrophic Nutrition Zooxanthellae in Coral Polyp Benefits to the Algal Symbiont Zooxanthellae gets a place to live Receive chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 NH3). Surrounding animal tissues can concentration substantial amounts of ultraviolet light absorbing compounds. Benefits to the Coral Host Higher rates of calcification (skeleton deposition). Receive DOM O2 Removal of chemical wastes from animal metabolism (CO2 NH3). Receive chemicals that absorb damaging ultraviolet light (Micosporine-like amino acids (MAAs)). Asexual Reproduction budding and fission accidental fragmentation nonaccidental fragmentation partial colony mortality polyp bail-out Budding Polyp within calyx Fission Polyp within calyx AccidentalFragmentation Wave Damage Nonaccidental Fragmentation Radial Division in Cycloseris frag