古希腊早期哲学教学教材.pptVIP

Zeno of Elea ca. 490BC-430BC? SOPHIST之先驅 Zeno’s Paradox Achilles and the tortoise You can never catch up.“ In a race, the quickest runner can never overtake the slowest, since the pursuer must first reach the point whence the pursued started, so that the slower must always hold a lead The dichotomy paradox You cannot even start.“ That which is in locomotion must arrive at the half-way stage before it arrives at the goal. The arrow paradox You cannot even move.“ If everything when it occupies an equal space is at rest, and if that which is in locomotion is always occupying such a space at any moment, the flying arrow is therefore motionless. Heraclitus：變動 540-475BC Ephesus in Ionia The weeping philosopher 哭與笑 Democritus had gone insane and was laughing at everything obsessively, including weddings and funerals. Hippocrates found him surrounded by books and the bodies of animals which he had dissected to examine their bile. He said he was investigating the causes of insanity. On being questioned as to why he found the matters at which he laughed comical, he replied with the vanity argument, that all is folly and baseness and a waste of time, which is essentially what Heraclitus had said. Hippocrates gave him a passing on mental health and went away. 八大山人？ CHANGE is real, and stability illusory the nature of everything is change itself 殘篇 Everything flows and nothing is left (unchanged), orEverything flows and nothing stands still, orAll things are in motion and nothing remains still. “By cosmic rule, as day yields night, so winter summer, war peace, plenty famine. All things change. Air penetrates the lump of myrrh, until the joining bodies die and rise again in smoke called incense. 殘篇 “Men do not know how that which is drawn in different directions harmonises with itself. The harmonious structure of the world depends upon opposite tension like that of the bow （弓） and the lyre（琴）. This universe, which is the same for all, has not been made by any god o