第三章 系统的描述与模型建立.docVIP

第三章 系统的描述与模型建立 Chapter 3. Description of Systems and Modeling 3.6 不确定性描述 (二) – 模糊性 3.6 Description of Uncertainty (2)-Randomness 精确与模糊 1. Precision and fuzziness - 不确定性描述 Description of uncertainty 精确思维及方法在科学技术发展中日益取得成功. 通常”精益求精”被认为是科学工作者的美德. Thinking and performing with precision have been successful in development of science and technology, and “to be accurate as possible” has been considered as a virtue of a scientific researcher. 精确方法研究的对象是无生命的机械系统, 界限分明的机械事务. The objects being investigated with accuracy are normally non-life mechanical systems, which have clear-cut boundaries. 有关生命现象, 社会现象, 心理因素的科学, 由于所研究的对象大多是没有明确界限的模糊事物, 很难进行精确的测量, 所以很难使用精确的定量方法. Phenomena regarding lives, social affairs, psychology, etc, due to the objects being investigated are mostly fuzzy problems without clear boundaries, it is difficult to conduct the accurate measurement, so hard to quantify with high accuracy. 即使对于无生命的系统, 一旦系统庞大, 若进行精确地测量, 仍很困难. Even to those non-life systems, once it grows enormous, it is still difficult to measure with precision. 模糊系统理论 2. Fuzzy system theory 语言变量定义及有关概念: Language variable and some related concepts: 用自然语言中的词句表示. 每一个语言变量值均对应着一个论域(Discourse universe). Expressed with a word or sentence of natural language, and each and every language variable corresponds to a Discourse Universe. 例: 人的年龄的语言值可为: “非常年轻, 年轻, 较年轻, 不年轻, 较老, 老, 很老”, 等等. Ex. The language value of age of human may be: “very young, young, somewhat young, not young, somewhat old, old, every old” etc. 现设论域 U=[0,150], 则以上每一个值都对应着该论域的一个模糊子集. 模糊子集可用隶属函数(或称类属函数, 资格函数, 成员函数等)来表示. Suppose the discourse universe U=[0,150], in which every value should correspond to a fuzzy set. The fuzzy set may be described using membership function. 例: 给定一个一般集合 A, 某一元素属a于A, 则隶属度为 Ex. Given a normal set A, and a certain element a belonging to A, then the degree of belonging is 若不属于A, 则 In case it does not belong to A， then 对于一模糊子集 , 某一元素x除了 外, 有可能在一定程度上隶属 于, 01. For a fuzzy subset , for a certain eleme