光谱检测技术.ppt

5.7.3 样品前处理5.7.3.1 干法灰化 （脱水、炭化、分解、氧化灼烧灰化） 将样品在高温下灼烧，使样品中含有的大量纤维素，蛋白质和油脂等有机物质分解挥发，仅留下矿物质灰分。 干灰化法的优点是适合于大批样品分析，且空白低，缺点是样品消化时间长﹑难以彻底消化﹑挥发损失和坩埚吸留、回收率比较低（如铅﹑镉﹑锌等）。 要注意分阶段升温 5.7.3.2 湿法消化 。 用酸消煮来破坏有机物。 湿消化法常用的酸是硝酸，高氯酸。 要防止高氯酸和有机物作用产生爆炸。 湿消化不容易损失金属元素，所需时间 也较短，缺点是酸的用量大，造成较高的试剂空白。 5.7.3.3 微波消解  微波消解具有加热速率快效率高的优点，尤其在密闭容器中，可以在数分钟之内达到很高的温度和压力，使样品快速溶解。此外，密闭容器微波消解能避免样品中存在的或在样品消解形成的挥发性分子组分中痕量元素的损失，还能减少酸的使用量从而显著降低空白值，保证测量结果的准确性。 * * * * * * * When energy is added to the atom as the result of absorption of electromagnetic radiation or a collision with another particle (electron, atom, ion, or molecule), one or more of several possible phenomena takes place. The two most probable events are for the energy to be used to increase the kinetic energy of the atom (i.e. increase the velocity of the atom), or for the atom to absorb the energy and become excited. This latter process is known as excitation. When an atom becomes excited, an electron from that atom is promoted from its ground state orbital into an orbital further from the nucleus and with a higher energy level. Such an atom is said to be in an excited state. * An atom is less stable in its excited state and will thus decay back to a less excited state by losing energy through a collision with another particle or by emission of a particle of electromagnetic radiation, known as a photon. As a result of this energy loss, the electron returns to an orbital closer to the nucleus * The difference in energy between the upper and lower energy levels of a radiative transition defines the wavelength of the radiation that is involved in that transition. The relation between this energy difference and wavelength can be derived through Plancks equation, E = hn where E is the energy difference between two levels, H is Plancks constant, and V is the frequency of the radiation. Substituting c/l for n , where c is the speed of light and l is wavelength, we getE = hc/l. This equa