环境风险评价及管理教材.pptVIP

环境风险评价及管理;生态风险评价背景;生态风险评价定义;生态风险评价的步骤;生态学分级;问题设定;问题设定;问题设定;问题设定;概念模型;解析计划;风险推算;风险推算;风险推定;风险推定;风险推定;;风险推定;风险推定;毒性评价和浓缩性评价-调查化学物质对水生生物的毒性影响的代表实验;毒性试验方法;毒性试验方法;不同物种和生长阶段的毒性值变化;试验时的水质和毒性;急性毒性和慢性毒性;多物质复合毒性;评价浓缩和蓄积的实验方法;脂溶性与浓缩性;浓缩性的影响因子;生物降解;Microcosm微宇宙，Mesocosm中宇宙实验法; The Standardized Aquatic Microcosm has been the focus of a series of experiments that investigate the effects of three jet fuels over as long as 180 days duration. The 3 liter experimental units are filled with a medium that simulates freshwater and a sand sediment is employed. Sixteen organisms are inoculated in known amounts to form a simple ecological structure. The system is then dosed and followed for a minimum of 63 days. The organisms are counted and other measurements made twice a week. This method was originally developed by Frieda Taub at the University of Washington with modifications made by the Institute. We used these systems to examine the persistence and effects of Jet A, JP-4 and JP-8 on aquatic communities. The multivariate statistics used in the data analysis confirmed the persistence of effects even after degradation of the fuel to non-detectable levels. These observations led to the formulation of the Community Conditioning Hypothesis. ;Conditioned Equidistant Outdoor Mesocosm (CEOM). This type of facility is designed to conduct more extensive experiments than can be accomplished using laboratory based systems. Shown under construction, the CEOM consists of 24 experimental units that surround a central conditioning tank. The experimental units are arranged in groups of four around the central conditioning tank in a wheel and spoke manner. The migration paths from the central conditioning tank to each experimental unit are equal. The CEOMs were developed by Wayne Landis, April Markiewicz, and Robin Matthews.