生态学三群落结构.pptVIP

* 四、翻译下列内容：Summary 1 A biological community is an association of interacting species. Ecologists consider community diversity and organization of species into guilds and food webs. Two competing concepts of community organization are holistic and individualistic, predicting closed and open communities, respectively. * Summary 2 In general, ecologists find that communities do not form discrete units. Species tend to distribute themselves independently along environmental gradients in a pattern more consistent with the open community concept. Ecologists have devised techniques of gradient analysis to study distributions of species with respect to gradients of environmental conditions. * Summary 3 Community structure can be summarized by means of food webs that emphasize various relationships among species. Consumers can depress abundances in trophic levels below them in a trophic cascade or top-down effect. Bottom-up effects occur when one trophic level affects productivity of higher trophic levels. * Summary 4 In any community, some species are common and some are rare. Patterns of relative abundance have been characterized, but their meanings are poorly understood. The number of species increases with the area sampled, more strongly so on islands. Various indices of diversity have been used to compare the number and relative abundances of species between communities. * 4 群落的时间结构 * 5 群落交错区与边缘效应 群落交错区ecotone-又称生态交错区或生态过渡带，是两个或多个群落之间（或生态地带之间）的过渡区域。 群落交错区是一个交叉地带或种群竞争的紧张地带，发育完好的群落交错区，可包含相邻两个群落共有的物种以及群落交错区特有的物种，在这里，群落中物种的数目及一些种群的密度往往比相邻的群落大。 群落交错区种的数目及一些种的密度有增大的趋势，这种现象称为边缘效应Edge effect。 这是因为群落交错区的环境条件比较复杂，能为不同生态类型的植物定居提供条件，从而为更多的动物提供食物、营巢和隐蔽条件。 * 群落的边缘效应示意图 * 4 影响群落结构的因素 1） 生物因素 1 竞争对群落结构的影响 同资源种团(guild)—群落中以同一方式利用共同资源的物种集团.同种团之间的竞争造成生态位分化,使各自均能与其他种共存. * 新几内亚食果鸠鸽的个体大小与被食果实大小的关系 (Ehrlich, 1987) * 1） 影响群落结构的因素：生物因素 关键种（Keystone species）对群落具有最重要影响的物种。关键种被移除时，会引起其他物种的灭绝和多度的大变化。关键种不一定是食物链最顶端的物种。只要关键种从群落中消失，就能对群落结构造成重大影响。 * 1） 影响群落结构的因素：生物因素 1） 生物因素 2 捕食对群落结构的影响 捕食对形成