分子生物学dna复制.pptxVIP

Central dogmaReverse TranscriptionDNARNAProteinReplicationThe importance of DNA replication to medicineReplication of the genetic material is fundamental to all living thingsErrors in replication are the origin of hereditary (genetic) diseasesErrors in replication are usually the primary origin of cancersRepliconThe unit of DNA in which an individual act of replication occurs is called the replicon. Each replicon fires once and only once in each cell cycle. The replicon is defined by its possession of the control elements needed for replication. It has an origin at which replication is initiated. It may also have a terminus at which replication stops. DNA structure: reviewdouble stranded anti-parallelbase pairingSupercoilingThree basic rules of DNA replicationDNA replication is semiconservativeReplication begins at a defined origin and usually proceeds bidirectionallyDNA synthesis is in the 5’ to 3’ direction and is semidiscontinuousMost of what we will be discussing at first is DNA replication in E. coliOnce we have the general principles, we will discuss DNA replication in eukaryotesHow complex is the DNA replication machinery?The major playersDNA polymerases (聚合酶）Primases（引物酶）Ligases（连接酶）Helicases（解链酶）Topoisomerases (拓扑异构酶）Semi-conservative (Messelson Stahl, 1958) During replication each of the old strands will serve as a template for the new strandsDNA PolymerasesThey catalyze a template-directed synthesis of DNA from nucleotide triphosphatesA primer with a free 3’-OH group is requiredSynthesis is in the 5’ to 3’ directionThey often possess 3’ to 5’ exonuclease activityBidirectional When a replicon is circular, the presence of DNA replication forms the θ-structure. The successive stages of replication of the circular DNA are visualized by electron microscopy as shown. Origins of replicationIn E. coli only one site OriCIn man 104 to 105 sitesThe direction of replication is bidirectionalOriCOriCOriCThe structure of OriCConsensus sequence of the minimal bacteria