一英汉词汇现象的对比.docVIP

PAGE 13 英汉词汇现象的对比 词的意义方面 词的搭配能力方面 词序方面 词的意义方面 （一）（英语中有些词与汉语）完全对应——主要是一些专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称。如： The Pacific Ocean 太平洋 helicopter 直升飞机 minibus 面包车 (二) 部分对应，如： marriage 娶，嫁 gun 枪，炮 sister 姐，妹 （三）新词，没有汉语对应词。如： overkill （核弹的）过度杀伤力，（宣传活动的）过度行为 plumber 水管工，美国调查政府雇员泄密事件的特工 （四）英语词义灵活，突出表现为一词多义polysemy，英语的词义主要视词的语境(上下文联系和词在句中的搭配关系)而定。相比之下，汉语词义的稳定性就大得多。 英语中许多词一词多义，与汉语中几个不同词、词组对应。 如soft，除了“软的”、“柔的”，还有： 1）无坚固掩护工事的，可攻破的： The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May. 2）宇宙飞船的着陆飞行速度在32公里/小时左右，软着陆: The landing must be super-soft, made at a velocity of 18 miles or so an hour. 3）毒性较轻的，软性的： Marijuana(大麻) is usually regarded as a soft drug.. 4）非百分之百可靠的： At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not take action. 作业：soft pillow soft cushion soft music soft wood Soft breeze soft drink soft money soft light Soft voice soft fire soft hat soft answer Soft heart soft words soft goods soft water 又如total，除了“总数达…”、“合计”外，还有 彻底撞毁 A POW returnee was given a new Ford by a Denver dealer and totaled it the next month. 向…报复 Did you at least total the guy that hit you? 如story (1)事件、事情、情况、情形： 1) This war is becoming the most important story of this generation. 2) It is quite another story now. (2)报导、消息、电讯： Last December, the Post first reported that probes were being made in each of those cities, but officials refused to confirm the story. (3)内容、内情、真相： Some reporters who were not included in the session broke the story. (4)传说、说法： He’ll be very happy if that story holds up. (5)热门、谎言、有意的渲染： The story about him became smaller and by and by faded out from the American television. (6) 身世、遭遇： The story of Rita Hayworth is one of the saddest. (7)情节、案情： A young man came to Scotti’s office with a story. 作业： He is the last man to come. He is