实验7-（课本实验24）-氢原子光谱量度与浦郎克常数版演示课件-精选.pptVIP

實驗7 (課本實驗24) 氫原子光譜量度與浦郎克常數 * References /astr162/lect/light/bohr.html 清華大學物理系普物實驗課本實驗24講義 * 目的: 瞭解原子光譜(atomic spectrum) 原理: 氫原子(H)光譜 (質子+電子) 能階: En = -(mee4/8e02h2)/n2 基態：n = 1, E1 = -13.6 eV 電子游離態：n = ?, E? = 0 DE = En1 – En2 = hf = hc/l h = 6.63 x 10-34 J-s c = 3.00 x 108 m/s Balmer series lines (巴爾麥系譜線): n?2 Visible spectrum (可見光譜) Ha: 3?2, l = 656.3 nm Hb: 4?2, l = 486.1 nm Hg: 5?2, l = 434.0 nm * 實驗步驟: 利用氫氣管(H2)高壓放電, 氫分子(H2)分解成在激發態(n ? 1)之氫原子觀察(n?2)之自發放射光譜 (spontaneous emission) (保護儀器,注意安全) 2. 利用光譜儀(spectrometer) 多狹縫光柵繞射 平行光入射光柵,干涉條紋繞射條件 dsinq = ml (m = 0, ?1, ?2, …) m = 1: 三條譜線 (la, lb, lg) m = 2: ~一條(lb) 測量角度(q),代入d及m,求波長(l) 鍵別率: l/Dl = mN (N: 狹縫數) * 3. 與理論值比較 1/l = (mee4/8e0h3c)(1/22 - 1/n2) (n?2) = (1/RH)(1/4 - 1/n2) RH = 8.31 J/mol-K (Rydberg constant) 4. 利用實驗值波長代入RH, 利用 me = 9.11 x 10-31 kg e = 1.60 x 10-19 C e0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m c = 3.00 x 108 m/s 求浦郎克常數h, 與理論值 h = 6.63 x 10-34 J-s 比較 5. 觀察其他氣體放電之可見光原子及分子光譜 * DVD: 原子 (The Atom)(The Mechanical Universe…and Beyond/MU49) [Annenberg/CPB/] Bohr’s theory of hydrogen atom (波爾氫原子理論) Potential energy of electron bound to a proton U = -e2/4pe0r Total energy for circular orbit with centrifugal force mv2/r = e2/4pe0r2 E = K + U = mv2/2 + U = - e2/8pe0r Frequency condition from spectral line (光譜頻率條件) DE = Ei – Ef = hfif Quantized angular momentum L of the orbiting electron (電子軌道角動量) L = mvr = n(h/2p) n = 1, 2, 3, … Radii of allowed orbits r = n2h2e0/pme2 = n2rB (rB = 0.0529 nm = 52.9 pm Bohr’s radius) Allowed energy states: En = -(mee4/8e02h2)/n2 = -13.6 eV/n2 * Importance of the Hydrogen Atom The H-atom is the only atomic system that can be solved exactly. Much of what was learned about the H-atom, with its single electron, can be extended to such single-electron ions as He+ and Li2+. The H-atom proved to be an ideal system for performing precision tests of theory against experiment. Also fo