欧洲文化入门复习提纲(含答案).docVIP

Questions for Revision: What are the major elements in Western culture? There are two main elements ——the Greco-Roman element and the Judeo-Christian element What did Homer do? Why is he important in the history of Western literature? ⑴ He described the great Greek men who lived in the period 1200-1100B.C. and wars happening at that time. ⑵ As an author of epics（史诗）, he employed fine literary language to describe wars and men, even though they were dull. He stood in the peek of Greek literature and exerted a great influence on his followers. Would you say that philosophy was highly developed in ancient Greece? Who were the major philosophers? No, I wouldn’t. Because those philosophical ideas were only idealism (理想主义) or simple materialism（唯物主义） or metaphysics（形而上学）. Socrates(苏格拉底), Plato（柏拉图） and Aristotle（亚里斯多德）. Did Socrates write any book? How then do we know about him? What distinguished his philosophy? No, he didn’t. we know Socrates chiefly through what Plato recorded of him in the famous Dialogues written by Plato. ⑶ He considered that philosophy rested with（取决于） the dissect（仔细分析） of oneself and virtue was high worth of life. His method of argument, by questions and answers, has come to be known as the dialectical method. Tell some of Plato’s ideas. Why do people call him an idealist? ⑴ Man have knowledge because of the existence of certain general “ideas”, like beauty, truth, goodness./ We should not look at the things which are not seen: for the things which are not seen eternal (永恒的). (2) Because he emphasized the importance of “ideas” and believed that “thought” had created the world, so people call him an idealist. In what important ways was Aristotle different from Plato? What are some of Aristotle’s works that are still influential today? ⑴ For one thing, Aristotle emphasized direct observation of nature and insisted that theory should follow fact. This is different from Plato’s reliance on subjective thingking. Also, he thought “form”(= idea) an