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;Literatures Source;;;1. Summary;1. Summary;1. Summary;1. Summary;1. Summary;2、Introduction and Background ;2、Introduction and Background ;Background: 1、General setting The Tarim River Basin is located in the south of Xinjiang, NW China. It has an area of 1.04x106 km2 and is flanked by the Tianshan Mountains to the north and by the Kunlun Mountains to the south (Fig. 1). 2、Hydrogeology The occurrence of groundwater is similar between the Southern Tianshan watershed and Northern Kunlun watershed. The sink of the two groundwaters systems is centered in the south of the Tarim River. The diluvial aquifer from the northern mountains is composed of sand deposits some 100–300 m thick forming an unconfined aquifer in which the present day water table ranges between 20 m and 200 m below surface (Fig. 2). ;Fig.1 Sketch map of the Tarim River Basin 1 – Proterozoic; 2 – Paleozoic; 3 – Mesozoic; 4 – tertiary; 5 – granite; 6 – quaternary; 7 – river;8 – surface water in the Upper Tarim River and the Aksu River; 9 – regional groundwater flow. ;Fig.2 Hydrogeological cross section in the Middle Tarim River, see Fig. 1 for the location;Background: 3、Climate The Lower Tarim River is dominated by typical continental temperate arid climate. 4、Ecosystem degradation Under the impact of anthropogenic activities, runoff of three source streams (Aksu River, Hotan River and Yarkant River) to the Tarim River has decreased gradually in the last 50 years due to extensive oasis agriculture with increasing water utilization. With gradually decreased inflow to the Tarim River, proportion of water consumption in the upper and middle reaches increased gradually from 1970s to 1990s, while flow to the lower reaches reduced significantly (Table 1). The groundwater depth has increased to 8–12 m. ;Station;Fig. 3 Sampling locations; ;3.Sampling and Analyses;Sampling： Groundwater samples were collected from boreholes at varying distances from the riverbed along nine groundwater mon